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　　你会怎么定义一个控制不住自己的赌徒的个性类型呢？

　　一个新的研究发现因为赌博而上瘾的人的个性品质可以分为四种类型：

      1）紊乱和情绪的不稳定 ；

      2）心情不好的发泄；

      3）由于酒精问题引起的；

      4）冲动带有一种适应全球的性格。

　　Bellvitge医学院和巴塞罗那自治大学的研究员在调查了1171个人后做出了这个分类。根据科学小组得知，事实上在这四种赌徒里只有一种显示出明显的病理学的迹象。

　　“我们需要运用不同的治疗方法对待不同的病态的赌徒们以便得知他们详细的治疗难点和需求，” 研究的合著者Susana Jimenez Murcia说。

　　研究表明，第一种和第二种是根据他们的反应表现出的问题的病态赌徒，“但是只有第二种赌徒表现出明显的一致的精神病理学的迹象，” 还带有高度的冲动和寻找感觉。

　　研究详细说明了抵抗赌博的诱惑的逐步的失败，病态赌博表现出一种经常摧毁个人和家庭关系还有相关事业的目标的行为。在精神病手册里，病态赌博被归为一种“ 冲动控制力的瓦解”。

　　研究者解释这种特殊的分类受到了科学界的争辩，因为这种混乱里存在着高度的不同成分。

　　因为这种争辩的存在，科学界正在找出一种新的可能的诊断方式叫做“动作和物质的上瘾”，记录在第五版的精神紊乱的诊断和统计手册中。

　　更加明确的研究表明，第一种类型“紊乱和情绪的不稳定”的特点是精神分裂似的个性品质，高度的冲动，滥用酒精物质，精神病态的改变和早期发作时期。

　　第二种类型同样是精神分裂似的。这种赌徒表现出高度的避免伤害，远离社会和滥用酒精。

　　研究者说第三种类型的赌徒是对奖金的敏感。他们寻求高度的感觉和极度冲动，虽然没有任何精神病态的变化。

　　第四种类型是高机能和全球适应性的个性种类，没有任何混乱涉及物质滥用，也没有相关的精神病态变化。

　　这些研究结果发表在精神病学加拿大的期刊里。

　　这个研究评估出大概一千五百万的美国人表现出赌博上瘾的迹象，在过去这些年里三分之二的成年人参与过一些种类的赌博。

　　译文

       How would you define the personality type of a compulsive gambler?

　　A new study has broken down the personality traits of people suffering from a gambling addition into four categories: 1） disorganized and emotionally unstable; 2） poorly adapted; 3） suffering from alcohol problems; and 4） impulsive, or with a “globally adapted” personality.

　　Researchers from the University Hospital of Bellvitge （IDIBELL） and the Autonomous University of Barcelona （UAB） were able to make these groupings after studying 1,171 people. According to the scientific team, only one of these four categories of gamblers actually shows signs of a significant pathology.

　　“We need to use different treatments for each sub-group of pathological gamblers in order to respond to their specific therapeutic difficulties and needs,” says Susana Jiménez Murcia, co-author of the study.

　　According to the researchers, types I and II are pathological gamblers who exhibit problems in controlling their responses, “but only type II shows signs of a significant concurrent psychopathology,” with high levels of impulsiveness and sensation-seeking.

　　Defined as a progressive and chronic collapse in the ability to resist the urge to gamble, pathological gambling represents a behavior that often damages personal and family relationships as well as career-related goals. In mental illness manuals, pathological gambling is classified as a “disruption in the ability to control impulses.”

　　Researchers explain that this particular classification has been the subject of debate and controversy in the scientific community because there is a high degree of heterogeneity that exists in this disorder.

　　Because this controversy exists, the scientific community is now looking into the possibility of introducing a new diagnostic category called “behavioral and substance addictions” in the new editions of manuals such as the Quinto Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales （DSM-5） （Fifth Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders）。

　　More specifically, the type I category, which was named ‘disorganized and emotionally unstable,’ is characterized by schizotypal personality traits, high degrees of impulsiveness, alcohol and substance abuse, psychopathological alterations and early onset age.

　　The type II classification is also a schizoid type. These types of gamblers exhibit high levels of harm avoidance, social distancing and alcohol abuse.

　　In the case of the type III classification, researchers said that gamblers are reward-sensitive. They seek high levels of sensation-seeking and impulsiveness, although without any psychopathological alterations.

　　Type IV is a high functioning, globally-adapted personality type, without any disorders relating to substance abuse, and no associated psychopathological alterations.

　　The results of the study have been published in the Canadian Journal of Psychiatry.

　　It is estimated that 15 million Americans display signs of gambling addiction and two thirds of the adult population has placed some type of bet in the last year.